Tomar alcohol antes de salir: la previa en adolescentes argentinos y su relación con normas sociales y motivos de previa / Drinking before going out: prepartying in Argentinean adolescents and its association with drinking norms and prepartying motives

Resumen La previa (i.e., el consumo de alcohol antes de asistir al evento de la salida en el que puede, o no, consumirse más alcohol) incrementa marcadamente el riesgo de experimentar consecuencias negativas asociadas al consumo de alcohol. Aunque el consumo de alcohol es muy prevalente entre los adolescentes argentinos, son escasos los trabajos centrados en la previa. Este trabajo describe el consumo de alcohol y la conducta de previa en adolescentes argentinos (13 a 18 años), identifica el efecto de las normas descriptivas y los motivos de previa sobre la frecuencia de previa y la cantidad de alcohol consumido durante esta práctica, y examina variaciones en el consumo general de alcohol y en la cantidad de consecuencias negativas derivadas, en función de realizar, o no, la previa. Participaron 402 adolescentes (52.7 % mujeres) que completaron una encuesta sobre consumo de alcohol, consecuencias negativas asociadas, conducta y motivos de previa, y normas descriptivas sobre estos encuentros. El 60 % de los adolescentes reportó conducta de previa en el último año en la que consumieron, en promedio, 70 gramos de alcohol. El 85 % continuó tomando alcohol después de la previa. Quienes exhiben conducta de previa, comparados con quienes beben pero no hacen previa, consumen significativamente más alcohol y experimentan más consecuencias negativas derivadas de este consumo. A nivel multivariado, las normas descriptivas fueron el mejor predictor de los indicadores de previa. Los hallazgos sugieren que la previa sería un factor de riesgo para tener trayectorias de consumo problemático y sería beneficioso prevenir este tipo de prácticas.

Abstract In Argentina, alcohol is the most consumed psychoactive substance among adolescents and, similar to other western countries, rates of alcohol use markedly increase during this developmental stage. Arguably more concerning, heavy episodic drinking (HED, a.k.a. binge drinking) is also highly prevalent. Heavy episodic drinking can be defined as the consumption of a large quantity of alcohol (i.e., ≥ 42/70 g of pure alcohol, depending on sex and age) in one, rather brief, single setting. HED is associated with greater occurrence of a myriad of negative consequences such as alcohol-induced increments in impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors, blackouts, drunk driving, sleep and eating impairments, and the development of tolerance. Prepartying (i.e., the consumption of alcohol before attending a social event where more alcohol might, or might not, be available) is a high-risk drinking practice due to its robust association with alcohol-related negative consequences. Different factors influence alcohol use and preparty behavior. Many adolescents overestimate the drinking behaviors of their peers (descriptive norms) which, in turn, is associated with heavier alcohol use. Additionally, previous work found that one of the main reasons or motives for engaging in preparty behavior is the desire of getting intoxicated. Although alcohol use is highly prevalent among Argentinean adolescents, studies focused on prepartying are very scarce. The present study (i) describes alcohol consumption and prepartying behaviors in Argentinean adolescents (13 to 18 years old), (ii) examines the effect of descriptive norms and prepartying motives on prepartying outcomes (i.e., frequency of prepartying and drinking quantity when prepartying) and (iii) examines variations in alcohol drinking outcomes as a function of prepartying. Participants were 402 adolescents (52.7 % women) that completed a pencil and paper survey that measured alcohol consumption, prepartying outcomes, descriptive norms for prepartying, prepartying motives and alcohol-related negative consequences. Most of the sample (83 %) reported lifetime alcohol use and 64 % reported last-month alcohol use. More than half of the sample (57 %) reported engaging in prepartying behavior within the last year where they consumed an average of 70 grams of alcohol. Most of the adolescents who prepartied (85 %) continued drinking alcohol at the event. Adolescents who engaged in preparty behavior, compared to their drinking peers who did not, consumed significantly more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related negative consequences. Specifically, 90 % of the adolescents who engaged in preparty behavior reported to engaged in heavy drinking episodes within the previous month while 68 % of drinkers who did not preparty reported to engage in that drinking pattern. At the multivariate level, descriptive norms, but not prepartying motives, were significantly associated with preparty behavior. The present results suggest that prepartying could be a risk factor for the involvement in problematic trajectories of alcohol use and, therefore, it would be beneficial to prevent adolescents from engaging in this type of drinking practice. Additionally, the present findings suggest promising avenues for intervention, such as those aimed at targeting descriptive norms. Adolescents tend to overestimate drinking behaviors among their peers, a bias that is associated with heavier alcohol use. Interventions aimed at correcting these biases have shown promising results at reducing drinking behaviors.

Evaluation of the performance of three serological tests for diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs using latent class analysis / Avaliação da realização de três testes sorológicos para diagnóstico de infecção por Leishmania infantum em cães utilizando análise de classe latente

Abstract Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Serological methods are the most common diagnostic techniques used for the diagnosis of the CanL. The objective of our study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of one in-house ELISA kit (ELISA UNIZAR) and three commercially available serological tests (MEGACOR Diagnostik GmbH) including an immunochromatographic rapid test (FASTest LEISH®), an immunofluorescent antibody test (MegaFLUO LEISH®) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MegaELISA LEISH®), using latent class models in a Bayesian analysis. Two hundred fifteen serum samples were included. The highest sensitivity was achieved for FASTest LEISH® (99.38%), ELISA UNIZAR (99.37%), MegaFLUO LEISH® (99.36%) followed by MegaELISA LEISH® (98.49%). The best specificity was obtained by FASTest LEISH® (98.43%), followed by ELISA UNIZAR (97.50%), whilst MegaFLUO LEISH® and MegaELISA LEISH® obtained the lower specificity (91.94% and 91.93%, respectively). The results of present study indicate that the immunochromatographic rapid test evaluated FASTest LEISH® show similar levels of sensitivity and specificity to the quantitative commercial tests. Among quantitative serological tests, sensitivity and specificity were similar considering ELISA or IFAT techniques.

Resumo A leishmaniose canina (Lcan) é uma causada pela Leishmania infantum. Os métodos sorológicos são as técnicas diagnósticas mais utilizadas para o diagnóstico da leishmaniose canina. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi estimar a sensibilidade e a especificidade de um kit ELISA interno (ELISA UNIZAR) e de três testes sorológicos disponíveis comercialmente, feitos pelo mesmo fabricante (MEGACOR Diagnostik GmbH), incluindo um teste rápido imunocromatográfico (FASTest LEISH®), um teste de anticorpos imunofluorescentes (Megafluo LEISH®) e um ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (Megaelisa LEISH®), utilizando-se modelos de classe latentes numa análise bayesiana. Foram incluídas duzentas e quinze amostras de soro. A maior sensibilidade foi alcançada para Fastest LEISH® (99,38%), ELISA UNIZAR (99,37%), Megafluo LEISH® (99,36%) seguida por Megaelisa LEISH® (98,49%). A melhor especificidade foi obtida por FASTest LEISH® (98,43%), seguida por ELISA UNIZAR (97,50%), enquanto Megafluo LEISH® e Megaelisa LEISH® obtiveram a menor especificidade (91,94% e 91,93%, respectivamente). Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que o teste rápido imunocromatográfico, avaliado por FASTest LEISH® mostra níveis similares de sensibilidade e especificidade aos testes comerciais quantitativos incluídos. Entre os testes sorológicos quantitativos, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram semelhantes, considerando-se as técnicas de ELISA ou IFI.

Gastric toxicity of Alendronate and Methotrexate in Walker 256 carcinosarcoma jaw model / Toxicidade gástrica de Alendronato e Metotrexato em modelo de carcinossarcoma de Walker 256 em mandíbula

Introduction: Experimental animal models represent a key tool used to elucidate the mechanisms of action and toxicity of anticancer drugs. Objective: The purpose was to establish a correlation of neoplastic growth with the combinatorial therapeutic application of sodium alendronate (ALD) and methotrexate (MTX), and to evaluate the gastrointestinal toxicity of these drugs, in the rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma inoculation model. Methods: Female rats were selected and randomly distributed into 5 groups (n=10): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), MTX-treated group, ALD-treated group, and MTX-ALD-treated group (MTX/ALD). Tumor cells were inoculated as a suspension of 1x106cells/mL into the alveolar cavities produced by exodontia procedures. The following parameters were evaluated: body weight, tumor volume and percentage of tumor inhibition, and gastrointestinal toxicity. Results: The body weight variation was statistically significant between NC animals and PC animals, and between NC animals and ALD-treated group (p<0.01). Tumor volume variation was statistically significant between PC animals, MTX-treated group and MTX/ALD-co-treated group (p<0.05). Analysis of gastric toxicity of MTX-treated group reveled slight reduction of chief (Ch) and parietal (Pr) cellular populations; ALD-treated group exhibited gastric mucosa without histological alterations of Ch cells but intense reduction of Pr cellular population; and MTX/ALD-co-treated group presented reduction of Ch and Pr cellular populations. Conclusions: ALD does not elicit significant antitumor effects on Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells and decreases antitumor effects of MTX due to toxicity on the gastric epithelium, which is intensified with MTX association.

Introdução: Modelos experimentais em animais representam um instrumento fundamental para elucidar os mecanismos de ação e toxicidade de drogas anticâncer. Objetivo: estabelecer uma correlação do crescimento neoplásico com a aplicação terapêutica combinatória de alendronato de sódio (ALD) e metotrexato (MTX), e avaliar a toxicidade gastrointestinal dessas drogas, no modelo de inoculação de carcinossarcoma de Walker 256 em ratos. Métodos: Ratas fêmeas foram selecionadas e distribuídas aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n = 10): controle negativo (NC), controle positivo (PC), grupo tratado com MTX, grupo tratado com ALD e grupo tratado com MTX-ALD (MTX/ALD). As células tumorais foram inoculadas como uma suspensão de 1x106 células/mL nas cavidades alveolares produzidas por procedimentos de exodontia. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: peso corporal, volume tumoral e porcentagem de inibição tumoral e toxicidade gastrointestinal. Resultados: A variação do peso corporal foi estatisticamente significante entre animais NC e animais PC, e entre animais NC e grupo tratado com ALD (p <0,01). A variação do volume tumoral foi estatisticamente significativa entre animais PC, grupo tratado com MTX e grupo tratado com MTX / ALD (p <0,05). A análise da toxicidade gástrica do grupo tratado com MTX revelou uma ligeira redução das populações celulares principais (Ch) e parietais (Pr); o grupo tratado com ALD exibiu mucosa gástrica sem alterações histológicas de células Ch mas intensa redução da população celular Pr; e o grupo tratado com MTX / ALD apresentou redução das populações celulares Ch e Pr. Conclusões: O ALD não provoca efeitos antitumorais significativos nas células do carcinossarcoma Walker 256 e diminui os efeitos antitumorais do MTX devido à toxicidade no epitélio gástrico, que é intensificada com a associação MTX.

Multifocal oral melanoacanthoma associated with Addison's disease and hyperthyroidism: a case report

SUMMARY Oral melanoacanthoma is a mucocutaneous, pigmented, rare, benign, and probably reactive lesion. This paper reports for the first time in the literature a case of multifocal oral melanoacanthoma in a patient diagnosed with Addison's disease and concomitant Graves' disease with hyperthyroidism. The patient presented with oral pigmented lesions, which were hypothesized to be mucosal pigmentation associated with Addison's disease. Due to their unusual clinical pattern, these oral lesions were biopsied and diagnosed as oral melanoacanthoma on histopathology and immunohistochemistry for HMB-45. At the moment of this report, the patient was being treated for her systemic conditions, but the lesions had not regressed. Reactive hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes may be found in Addison's disease and hyperthyroidism. This case reinforces the hypothesis of a reactive nature for oral melanoacanthoma and highlights the need for investigation of endocrine disorders in patients with multifocal oral melanoacanthoma.

Avaliação microscópica, estudo histoquímico e análise de propriedades tensiométricas da pele de tilápia do Nilo / Microscopic evaluation, histochemical study and analysis of tensiometric properties of the Nile Tilapia skin

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a pele de tilápia do Nilo, uma possível fonte de biomaterial para enxertia, a partir de suas características físicas (resistência à tração), histomorfológicas e da tipificação da composição do colágeno. MÉTODOS: Amostras de pele de tilápia do Nilo foram utilizadas e, para os testes de tração (utilizando a máquina de ensaios universais Instron®), as peles foram submetidas à imersão em soluções de glicerol em crescente concentração. Parte das amostras foi fixada em formol neutro a 10%, processada e corada com o uso da hematoxilina e da eosina, para confecção de lâminas e posterior análise histológica e histoquímica. Todas as etapas foram reproduzidas também em pele humana, doada de cirurgias plásticas, para efeito comparativo. RESULTADOS: A morfologia da pele da tilápia mostrou-se semelhante à da pele humana, com derme profunda formada por espessas fibras colágenas organizadas, em disposição paralela/horizontal e transversal/vertical. A pele de tilápia também apresentou maior composição por colágeno tipo I em relação à pele humana (p=0,015). Nos testes de tração, a carga média suportada pela pele de tilápia foi de 43,9±26,2 N, enquanto a extensão à traçao teve valores médios de 4,4±1,045 cm CONCLUSAO: A pele de tilápia possui características microscópicas semelhantes à estrutura morfológica da pele humana e elevada resistência e extensão à tração em quebra, o que suporta sua possível aplicação como biomaterial. A derme desta pele é composta por feixes organizados de fibras de colágeno denso, predominantemente do tipo I, o que traz considerável importância para seu uso clínico.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the Nile tilapia skin, a possible source of biomaterial for grafting, from their physical (tensile strength) and histomorphological characteristics, and from collagen classification. METHODS: Samples of Nile tilapia skin were used and, for microtensile tests (by Instron® universal testing machine), were subjected to immersion in glycerol solutions of increasing concentration. Part of the samples was fixed in neutral formalin 10%, processed and prepared using routine staining with hematoxylin and eosin into tissue slides, for further histological and histochemical analysis. All steps were also played in human skin, donated by plastic surgeries, for comparative effects. RESULTS: The morphology of Nile tilapia skin presented similarities with human skin, showing the deep dermis formed by thick organized collagen fibers, on parallel/horizontal and transversal/vertical arrangement. The tilapia skin also presented a larger composition of type I collagen, compared with human skin (p=0.015). On traction tests, the load average supported by tilapia skin was 43.9±26.2 N, while the traction extensile had mean values of 4.44±1.045cm. CONCLUSION: The tilapia skin has microscopic characteristics, similar to the morphological structure of human skin, and high resistance and tensile extension at break, which supports its possible application as biomaterial. The dermis of this skin is composed by organized bundles of dense collagen fibers, predominantly type I ones, which brings considerable importance for its clinical use.

Effect of bisphosphonates on the levels of RANKL and OPG in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontal disease and post-menopausial osteoporosis

El sistema receptor activador del factor nuclear kappa-B ligando (RANKL)/RANK/Osteoprotegerina (OPG) ha sido propuestos como esencial para la biología osteoclástica, yaque ha sido identificado como participante clave en la regulación fisiológica y patológica del sistema óseo. El estudio del sistema RANKL-RANK-OPG ha facilitado la comprensiónde los mecanismos intervinientes en el proceso de remodelación ósea, especialmente en la osteoporosis post-menopáusica y la enfermedad periodontal. Los bisfosfonatos se han convertido en el pilar principal deltratamiento y prevención de la osteoporosis post-menopáusica.Ellos inhiben la formación y disolución de los cristales de fosfato de calcio en el hueso y también inhiben a lososteoclastos reduciendo el recambio óseo. Actualmente, varios trabajos de investigación asocian la osteoporosis con el inicio y la progresión de la enfermedad periodontal. Aunque la etiología de ambas es diferente, lapérdida de masa ósea comparte varias características y la terapéutica utilizada para la osteoporosis puede serconsidera de valor para el tratamiento de la enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del consumo de bifosfonatos en fluido crevicular (FC) sobre los niveles de RANKL, OPG y la relación RANKL/OPG en pacientes post-menopáusicas con enfermedad periodontal y osteoporosis/ osteopenia.Se estudiaron 66 sitios periodontalmente activos obtenidos depacientes mujeres post-menopáusicas con edades entre 45-70 años de edad con enfermedad periodontal y osteoporosis/ osteopenia. La toma del FC se realizó mediante tiras de papel de filtro estériles. Para determinar la concentración de RANKL y OPG se utilizó el ensayo de ELISA comercial siguiendo las instrucciones delfabricante. Los valores obtenidos de las citoquinas y su relación fueron comparados con el Test U de Mann-Whitney...

Obtaining the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, identification of eugenol and its effect on Streptococcus mutans / Obtención del aceite esencial de Syzygium aromaticum, identificación del eugenol y su efecto sobre Streptococus mutans

Dental caries is a disease which affects the human oral cavity. Currently, the search for active principles of plants with antimicrobial effect seems promising for dental therapy. In this article the activity of the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) was evaluated with an emphasis on its antimicrobial properties. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, characterized by thin layer chromatography and chemical tests. The main compound was identified in the oil obtained from the flower buds and its antibacterial activity against plank¬tonic cells Streptcoccus mutans ATCC700611 was assessed by performing serial dilutions, from 15 up to 1000 ug/mL, compared with 0.12 percent chlorhexidine and dimethylsulfoxide. MIC was also determined. Subsequently, UFC was analyzed and compared with CMR Test Ivoclar Vivadent. The efficiency in obtaining the oil was 2.20 percent. By using the CCD technique, a fraction was revealed by UV light, corresponding to eugenol. It had a good response for triterpenoids and flavonoids. It showed greater antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 1000, 500 and 250ug/ ml. The MIC and MBC of the oil was 125 to 250ug/mL, respectively. Eugenol was found as an active principle in the oil obtained. Currently, the impact of using plant extracts has favored the evaluation of alternative, effective and biocompatible antibacterial agents for the formulations of oral hygiene products applied to the prevention or treatment of oral diseases.

La caries dental es una enfermedad que afecta la cavidad oral en los humanos. Actualmente la búsqueda de principios activos de plantas con efecto antimicrobiano representa una promesa en la terapia Odontológica. El presente trabajo, evaluó la actividad, del aceite esencial de Syzygium aromaticum (clavo) con énfasis en su propiedad antimicrobiana. El aceite fue obtenido por hidrodestilación, caracterizado por cromatografía en capa delgada y pruebas químicas. Se iden¬tificó el compuesto principal en el aceite obtenido de los botones florales y se evaluó su actividad antibacteriana contra células plantónicas de Streptcoccus mutans ATCC (700611) realizándose diluciones seriadas; desde 15 hasta 1000ug/mL, comparándose con clorhexidina al 0.12 por ciento y dimetilsulfóxido, además se determinó la CMI. Posteriormente, se analizó las UFC, comparándose con el Test CMR® Ivoclar Vivadent. La eficiencia en la obtención del aceite fue de 2.20 por ciento. Por la técnica de CCD se identificó una fracción al revelado UV, corres¬pondiente al eugenol. Presentó respuesta positiva para flavonoides y triterpenos. Mostró mayor actividad antimicrobiana a las concentraciones de 1000, 500 y 250 ug/mL. La CMI y CMB del aceite, resultó a 125 y 250 ug/mL respectivamente. Se comprobó la presencia del eugenol como principio activo en el aceite obtenido. Actualmente la proyección del uso de extractos de plantas ha favorecido la evaluación de agentes antibacterianos alternos, eficaces y biocompatibles para su empleo en las formulaciones de productos de higiene bucal aplicados a la prevención o tratamiento de enfermedades orales.

Effect of oral administration of Propionibacterium acnes on growth performance, DTH response and anti-OVA titers in goat kids

Immunostimulants are susbstances that stimuli the response of effector cells to activate the immune response such as antigen uptake, cytokine release or antibody response. These substances can increase resistence to infection by different types of microorganisms, reducing dependence of antibiotics used in livestock animals. Recent reports have demonstrated the positive effect of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) to control animal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the non-specific immunostimulant P. acnes on immunological functions and growth performance in goat kids. Twenty five goat kids served as control group (A) and another 25 animals received P. acnes being the experimental group (B). Kids were challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to assess humoral immunity. To assess in vivo cell immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) test with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was used, clinical signs and body weight were recorded each week until 9 weeks of age when the experiment ended. Blood samples were obtained to analyze serum proteins fractions and anti-OVA specific antibodies. No clinical signs of disease and no differences (p>0.05) on body weight between groups were recorded (7.32±0.81 kg in group A, 7.13±0.65 kg in group B). Goat kids from group B had more total protein (59.8±5g/l) and albumin levels (32.8±3.3g/l) than goat kids from group A (56.6±5.7 g/l, 29.6±3.9 g/l respectively) (p<0.05). DTH response in goat kids from group B on day 42 was higher (p<0.05) than group A. At day 63, goat kids from group receiving P. acnes had higher percentage (85.4) of anti-OVA IgM titers (p<0.05) than control group (57.7). In conclusion, the results showed that oral administration of P. acnes to goat kids improved some aspects of the immune system of the animals and it could be used to control goat diseases.

Embarazo sin control: análisis epidemiológico / Uncontrolled pregnancy: epidemiological analysis

Introducción: dada la frecuente consulta de pacientes en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) cursando embarazos no controlados, surge la necesidad de contar con informaciónsobre las razones por las cuales dichas mujeres no se controlan. Objetivo: analizar las características sociales y culturales de las pacientes que llegan al CHPR en trabajo de parto o puerperioinmediato, y que no han controlado sus embarazos, con el fin de determinar las causas que llevan a estas mujeres ano controlarse. Material y método: estudio descriptivo, observacional, analizándose los datos en forma cuantitativa. Se recolectaron datosdel total de embarazos sin control entre los días 1° de mayo al 10 de julio de 2009 en el CHPR o referidas al mismo.La muestra fue de 135 pacientes, en un total de 1.576 nacimientos registrados en dicho período, lo que corresponde a8,6%. Resultados: se analizaron las características sociales y culturalesde la población estudiada. Con respecto al análisis de las causas por las cuales estas pacientes no controlan susembarazos, 48,9% refiere falta de interés frente al control, siendo la más frecuente independientemente de la edad y paridad de la paciente, seguida de 17,8% que refiere no poder concurrir por tener hijos a su cargo; 10,4% por falta de carné de asistencia; 7,4% por falta de ginecólogo o partera en policlínica de referencia; 4,5% por falta de dinero, y 3,6% por policlínicadistante.

Introduction: The need to find out the reasons why women fail to control their pregnancies arose given the high number of patients consulting at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center undergoing uncontrolled pregnancies.Objective: To study the social and cultural characteristics of the patients who consult at the Pereira RossellHospital Center, when in labor or during the immediate puerperium, after having undergone uncontrolled preg-nancies with the purpose of finding out the reasons why these women fail to attend their follow-up visits. Method: Descriptive, observational study throughthe quantitative analysis of data. Data corresponding to all uncontrolled pregnancies seen or referred to the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center were collected from 1 May, 2009 through 10 July, 2009. The sample was madeup of 135 patients, what accounted for 8.6% of the total number of births recorded in the above mentioned periodof time - which was 1,576. Results: The social and cultural characteristics of thepopulation studied were analysed. With regards to the causes for patientsÆ failure to attend their pregnancy follow-up visits, 48.9% state they are not interested in the follow-up visit, and it is the most frequent cause regardlessof the age and parity of women, followed by 17,8% of women who declare they are unable to attend the visits since the have children to look after, 10.4% state they do not have a health care card; 7.4% refer they donot have a gynecologist or midwife, 4,5% refer lack of money and 3.6% say the policlinic is far from where they live.

Introdução: considerando a freqüência das consultas de pacientes com gravidez não controlada no Centro HospitalarioPereira Rossell (CHPR), é necessário contar com informação as razões pelas quais essas mulheres decidem não receber atenção de saúde nesse período.Objetivo: analisar as características sociais e culturais das pacientes que chegam ao CHPR em trabalho departo ou no puerpério imediato, e que não controlaram sua gravidez para determinar as causas desse comportamento. Material e método: estudo descritivo, observacional, com análise quantitativa dos dados. Foram coletados os dados do total de gestações não controladas no período 1° de maio a 10 de julho de 2009 no CHPR ou que foram referidas a esse centro hospitalar. A amostra foi de 135 pacientes, em um total de 1.576 nascimentos registradosno período estudado correspondendo a 8,6%. Resultados: As características sociais e culturais da população estudada foram analisadas. Com relação às causas pelas quais não fizeram controle de sua gravidez, 48,9% informou falta de interesse pelo controle, sendo a causa mais freqüente independentemente da idade e paridadeda paciente, seguida de 17,8% que informou não poder ir aos controles por ter que cuidar de seus filhos; 10,4% por não ter carnê de saúde; 7,4% por falta de ginecologista ou parteira no centro de saúde de referencia; 4,5% por falta de dinheiro, e 3,6% pela distância ao centro de saúde.

Vulvovaginitis infantil: manifestaciones clínicas, etiología y eficacia terapéutica del sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim y la yodo povidona / Infant vulvovaginitis: clinicals manifestation, etiology and therapeutics eficace of sulfametazole/trimetoprim and the povidone-iodine

En una población de 78 niñas con vulvovaginitis (46 preescolares y 32 escolares), residentes en la Parroquia 23 de Enero de Caracas, fueron evaluadas las manifestaciones clínicas, la etiología y la eficacia terapéutica del Sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim y la yodopovidona. El flujo vaginal fue evidenciado como signo clínico de vulvovaginitis en 29 de 32 (90,6 por ciento) niñas escolares, mientras que dicho signo (56,5 por ciento) fue encontrado en 26 de 46 niñas preescolares (p<0.01). Los agentes infecciosos más frecuentemente identificados fueron: E.coli (60,2 por ciento), E.vermicularis (42,3 por ciento) y S.epidermidis (12,8 por ciento). No hubo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de estos agentes en preescolares y escolares. Candida albicans fue demostrada en 10 de 32 (31,2 por ciento) niñas escolares y en 2 de 46 (4,3 por ciento) niñas preescolares. Esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa. Se obtuvo curación en 16 de 19 (84,2 por ciento) niñas con la combinación de sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim oral más lavado genital con yodo-povidona, en 15 de 20 (75 por ciento) niñas tratadas con sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim oral asociado a higiene genital con agua hervida. Asimismo, en 15 de 19 (79,0 por ciento) niñas la curación fue obtenida con el uso exclusivo de yodo-povidona en el lavado genital. Sólo 4 de 20 (20,0 por ciento) niñas que utilizó solamente lavado genital con agua hervida obtuvo curación. No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de tratamiento que recibieron sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim solo, yodo-povidona sola o la combinación de ambos